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The Origins of Human Society

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Review

"Bogucki has succeeded admirably in his attempt to review the most up-to-date findings and interpretive issues in world prehistory ... This book will enlarge and modify our understanding of prehistory." Journal of World History

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From the Back Cover

The origins and development of human society are explored and illuminated in this compelling history. The book provides readers with an understanding of the evolution of humans and the cultures they established, from the first traces of humanity to the creation of early literate societies. The author examines how Homo Sapiens emerged as the sole-surviving human species and developed into modern humans. He provides a global account of prehistoric life and the roots of modern societies and empires. The major topics covered include the creation of hierarchical societies and hereditary ranking, the origins of language, the importance of agriculture, the evolution of tool-making, the development of religion, and the beginnings of war. The Origins of Human Society provides the essential foundation to the study of early civilization and reveals the origins of the major elements of modern human society and culture.

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Product details

Paperback: 496 pages

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition (December 20, 1999)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1577181123

ISBN-13: 978-1577181125

Product Dimensions:

6.8 x 1 x 9.8 inches

Shipping Weight: 2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.2 out of 5 stars

3 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#1,749,405 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

This is a very good overview of a very, very broad sweep of human history, essentially from the emergence of modern Homo to threshold of the emergence of civilizations. The main drawback of this book is that it was published several years ago and parts are somewhat dated, something predicted repeatedly by Bogucki at various points in the text. There is no mention, for example, of the recent discovery of additional hominin species like the Denisovans. Some areas discussed as controversial by Bogucki, such as an early horizon for human occupation of the Americas, have now apparently been settled.Given that this is a text on prehistory, Bogucki opens appropriately with a concise but useful discussion of the limitations of archaeological methods and problems in interpretation of findings. This involves some history of archaeology as a discipline but provides a good perspective on the subsequent historical recontructions. A short discussion of hominin evolution (unavoidably dated) follows. The remainder of the book is a chronologically ordered description of archaeological finds and interpretations of those finds to reconstruct the evolution of human societies across the wide swathe of time. This is relatively difficult because Bogucki has to cover findings in many regions. He does a nice job of highlighting particularly important sites/findings across the world.Bogucki avoids a purely descriptive approach by stressing some common themes. He discusses the basic social organization for much of human existence as a fairly egalitarian Pleistocence band, though he is careful to describe signficant changes in technology across this period. With the end of the Pleistocene, and the coming of the more fruitful and predictable climate of the Holocene, he argues that the Pleistocene bands gave way to smaller, family units (households) that would be the germ of future social developments. The gradual emergence of sedentism and agriculture, and ensuing changes, such as use of animals for more than food, generates what he refers to as transegalitarian societies with some social differentiation but not to the extent seen later. Some households eventually acquire significant power and hereditary distinctions occur, resulting "Chiefdoms" and other forms of unequal societies. These societies tend to be unstable and some subsequently generate states-civilizations. He is very good on the role of important technological innovations is these complex processes. The coverage of different regions is very interesting.

I have been hoping to find a book that would integrate archeological, genetic, linguistic and ethnographic evidence into a concise yet comprehensive overview of the history of our species. I thought perhaps I had found such a book here, but was wrong. This volume provides a good overview of the archeology of our genus, covering global developments over the past 2 million years. However, it does not integrate genetic or linguistic data well, though both speak to the topics the book attempts to address. While appreciating the author's apparent authority on European archeology, I was dismayed by the treatment of other topics. The question of the origins of our species, despite some opinions otherwise, has been settled in favor of a single origin about 150,000 years ago in Africa, but here the issue is discussed as an open question. Further, treatment of hunter-gatherers, such as views on the sexual division of labor, at times seems awkward in light of other work cited in the book (e.g. Kelly 1995). Such issues lead me to wonder if the author has accepted too much data uncritically; also, the rich archeological data base would be better integrated with the theoretical perspectives of evolutionary psychology and human behavioral ecology. Less critically, the book nicely summarizes archeological and ethnographic evidence bearing on types of human societies, such as chiefdoms. These types of societies, generally discussed in a sequence of increasing sociocultural complexity, are seen as signposts along processes of sociocultural change. It it these latter aspects that provide the book with its main advantages.

Coming to this book as a non-expert, I feared it might be a rather dry overview. But as a scholar fresh from the academic fray, Bogucki provides the general reader with a real sense of the excitement of current arguments and debates, offering what seemed to be very fair and conscientious summaries of other scholars' perspectives on key interpretive issues, such as the origins of inequality and the transition to agriculture etc.At the same time, he is frank about his own conceptual framework, which assumes that societies can best be understood in terms of the individual agents that constitute them, who are conceived as essentially self-interested. This methodological individualism contrasts with holistic approaches that grant more importance to larger social structures in understanding individual behavior and that therefore tend to see human nature as more variable and plastic over time. Because of his assumptions, Bogucki often seems to me to project back into prehistory very modern sounding individualistic motives. Pleistocene band society represents the constraining force of communism on risk-taking individualism. The post-ice-age "flexible foragers" become distant cousins of Eastern Europeans freed from communist constraints and able at last to exercise consumer freedom and possessive individualism. I felt at times that he was losing a sense of the historical distance between the prehistoric peoples and ourselves and regretted not getting a sense of their otherness especially as expressed in their cultural expression.

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